^a Gk. διχηλοῦν ὁπλὴν means dividing the hoof into χηλήs (cleaved parts). The lexica indicate the three words used in this verse, ὁπλή, ὀνυχιστήρ, and χηλή all mean hoof, which obscures their distinction and makes this verse confusing. Gk. ὁπλή, hoof, is the overarching word for hoof: Ez. 26:11: ταῖς ὁπλαῖς τῶν ἵππων, the hooves of horses.

^b Gk. ὀνυχιστῆρας ὀνυχίζον, is the shaping/forming/making (ὀνυχίζω, "claw-ize," i.e., make like a claw) of the cleaved parts of the hoof (the χηλήs) into smaller, claw-like hooves (ὀνυχίστήρs). (Per Wikipedia: The two digits of cloven-hooved animals...are called claws.... The space between the two claws is called the interdigital cleft....) Gk. ὄνυξ is a talon, claw, or fingernail: Ez. 17:3: ὁ ἀετὸς ὁ μέγας...πλήρης ὀνύχων, the great eagle full of talons; Ez. 17:7: ἀετός ἕτερος μέγας...πολὺς ὄνυχιν, another great eagle (with) many talons; DnTh 4:33: οἱ ὄνυχες αὐοῦ ὡς ὀρνέων, his fingernails (grew) as (those) of birds; DnTh 7:19: ὄνυχες αὐτοῦ χαλκοῖ, (the fourth beast's) claws (were) of brass.

^c Gk. δύο χηλῶν, of two cleaved parts. "Cloven-hoofed" specifically means having a two-toed hoof. The phrase διχηλοῦν ὁπλὴν καὶ ὀνυχιστῆρας ὁνιχίζον, cleaving the hoof and forming it into smaller, claw-like hooves does not itself define a two-toed, cloven hoof; δύο χηλῶν makes it two-toed. Hooved mammals, called ungulates, can be one-, two-, three-, or four-toed. Even-toed ungulates are called artiodactyla (lit., even-toed or even-fingered). Sheep, goats, cattle, bison, pigs, deer, antelopes, pronghorns, and giraffes are two-toed ungulates "with two main hooves on each foot, together called a cloven hoof." Camels, llamas, and alpacas, are two-toed ungulates, but walk on their feet, not on their hooves. Hippopotamuses are four-toed ungulates. Odd-toed ungulates are called perissodactyla (lit., odd-toed or odd-fingered). Horses, donkeys, and zebras are one-toed ungulates. Rhinoceroses are three-toed ungulates. Tapirs are four-toed in the front and three-toed in the back. (Elephants are "near-ungulates," having toenails, not hooves.)

^d Gk. ἀνάψει μηρυκιστμὸν, regurgitating partially digested food (and chewing again).

^a Gk. ὀνυχιζόντων ὀνυχιστῆρας. See note, 11:3.

^b Camelids are three-chambered-stomach pseudoruminants; like four-chambered-stomach true ruminants, they regurgitate and re-chew cud.

^c Unlike other ungulates, camels do not walk on their hooves. Taxonomically, camels [and camelids] are cloven hoofed ungulates, but they walk on foot pads and their hooves function as toenails, so they are not considered as "cleaving the hoof."

^a Hares and rabbits mimic the chewing behavior of ruminates and pseudoruminants, making it look like they chew cud. The point here is not that they do "chew the cud," but that chewing the cud alone is not enough to qualify as clean. So even if an animal by all appearances chews the cud, they're still unclean if they are not cloven hoofed. (Incidently, hares, rabbits, and other lagomorphs do in fact rechew their food; unlike ruminants they cannot regurgitate, so they excrete and reingest cecotropes in a process called refection. Like cud, cecotropes are partially digested food.)

^a Gk. χοιρογρύλλιον.

^b Hyraxes, like hares and rabbits, mimic the chewing behavior of ruminants and pseudoruminants, making it look like they chew cud (their madibular motions are similar to chewing cud, but the hyrax is physically incapable of regurgitation). The point again is not that they do "chew the cud," but that chewing the cud alone is not enough to qualify as clean. So even if they do appear to chew the cud, they're unclean because they are not cloven hoofed. (Unlike hares and rabbits, hyraxes do not redigest their food, neither cud nor cecotrope.)

^a Gk. ὀνυχίζει ὄνυχας ὁπλῆς, "claw-ize" claws of (the) hoof. Not certain if there is a difference in nuance between this (11:7) and ὀνυχιζότων ὀνυχιστῆρας, "claw-ize" into smaller, claw-like hooves (11:3, 4, 26).

^a Gk. πετεινός, flying (not πτερωτός, winged).

^b Leviticus doesn't explicitly permit the eating of clean birds, but Deuteronomy does. Dt. 14:11 permits the eating of clean birds (ὄρνεον καθαρόν) and Dt. 14:20 permits the eating of clean flying things (πετεινὸν καθαρόν). Clean flying things only includes birds since bats and flying insects are explicitly unclean in Dt. 14:18, 19 and Lv. 11:19. In neither Dt. nor Lv. are clean birds defined; rather both give examples of unclean birds.

^a Gk. γλαύξ, the little owl, or Athenian owl; perhaps like the burrowing owl, which is diurnal (active during the day) during breeding season.

^a Gk. νυκτικόραξ, owl; lit. "night-raven."

^a Gk. γλαύξ (duplicate of 11:16).

^a Gk. ἐρπετόν. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Flying" (and even more broadly "winged") narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. The only winged invertebrates, flying or not, are insects.

^b The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts—which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs—and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies—which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only flying insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs.

^d Leviticus doesn't explicitly prohibit the eating of flying insects, but Dt. 14:19 does: All winged [flying] animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. (Non-flying invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates are prohibited in Lv. 11:29.) Lv. 11:20-22 defines an exception for four types of locust to the general prohibition in Deuteronomy: within the prohibition against all flying invertebrates, there is a subset of flying, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a That is, the prominent hind legs on a locust, grasshopper, or cricket. Grasshoppers and crickets, though, are excluded from permitted insects by the further narrowing in 11:22 to specifically four types of locusts.

^a Hb. ארבה ʾrbh [H697], the generic word for locust, but here presumed to refer to a specific species of locust, and in Jl. 1:4 and Jl. 2:25 to a specific cycle of the locust. If the Greek (βροῦχος / ἀττάκηνς / ἀκρίς / ὀφιομάχης) is following the same order as the Hebrew (arbeh / sol'am / hargol / hagab), then arbeh is here translated by Gk. βροῦχος; however, arbeh is usu. translated by Gk. ἀκρίς. βροῦχος translates arbeh in 3 Kgs 8:37, also hasil in 2 Chr 6:28, but usu. yeleq, in Ps 104:34; Jl 1:4, 2:25; and Na 3:15-16.

^b Hb. סלעם slʿm [H5556], here presumed to refer to a specific species of locust. If the Greek is following the same order as the Hebrew, then sol'am is here translated by Gk. ἀττάκης. Sol'am only occurs here in the Hebrew bible, and ἀττάκης only occurs here in the LXX.

^c Hb. חרגל ḥrgl [H2728], here presumed to refer to a specific species of locust. If the Greek is following the same order as the Hebrew, then hargol is here translated by Gk. ἀκρίς; however, ἀκρίς usu. translates arbeh. Ἀκρίς translates gob in Is. 33:4; yeleq in Jer. 28:14, 27; hagab in Nm. 13:33, 2 Chr 7:13, Qoh. 12:5, and Is. 40:22; and arbeh in Ex 10:4, 12-14, 19 (the plague of locusts); Dt. 28:38; Jgs. 6:5, 7:12; 2 Chr. 6:28; Ps .77:46, 104:34, 108:23; Jl .1:4, 2:25; Na. 3:15, 17; and Jer. 26:23. Ἀκρίς is also the word for locust in the narrative of John the Baptist in Mt. 3:4. Hargol only occurs here in the Hebrew bible.

^d Hb. חגב ḥgb [H2284], here presumed to refer to a specific species of locust. If the Greek is following the same order as the Hebrew, then hagab is here translated by Gk. ὀφιομάχης. Hagab is elsewhere translated by Gk. ἀκρίς, in Nm. 13:33, 2 Chr. 7:13, Qoh. 12:5, and Is. 40:22. Ὀφιομάχηας only occurs here in the LXX. Per LSJ, as an adj. it means, fighting with serpents; as Subst., a kind of locust, and the ichneumon [wasp].

^e Per The Biblical Museum of Natural History: These you may eat: the arbeh after its kind, and the sela'am after its kind, and the chargol after its kind, and the chagav after its kind. ...The Torah lists four types of kosher grasshoppers (and adds according to its kind after each, which the Talmud explains to include four further kinds). It's difficult to definitively translate the four names which appear here. But consider the following. Although there are over ten thousand species of grasshoppers, only a few dozen are locusts – i.e., grasshoppers that form swarms. And of the few dozen species of locusts, only four occur in Biblical lands! And of these four, by far the most common swarming locust is the desert locust, Schistocercia gregaria, which occasionally appears in swarms in Egypt and Israel even today... Second place is taken by the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, while the Egyptian locust and Moroccan locust come in a distant third and fourth place.

^f New Jewish Publication Society [NJPS] translation: Of these you may eat the following: locusts of every variety; all varieties of bald locust; crickets of every variety; and all varieties of grasshopper.

^g Complete Jewish Bible [CJB] translation: From this [locust] category, you may eat the following: The red locust after its species, the yellow locust after its species, the spotted gray locus after its species and the white locust after its species.

^a See note, 11:20.