^a Gk. ἐρπετόν. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Flying" (and even more broadly "winged") narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. The only winged invertebrates, flying or not, are insects.

^b The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts—which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs—and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies—which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only flying insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs.

^d Leviticus doesn't explicitly prohibit the eating of flying insects, but Dt. 14:19 does: All winged [flying] animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. (Non-flying invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates are prohibited in Lv. 11:29.) Lv. 11:20-22 defines an exception for four types of locust to the general prohibition in Deuteronomy: within the prohibition against all flying invertebrates, there is a subset of flying, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. ἐρπετόν. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Flying" (and even more broadly "winged") narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. The only winged invertebrates, flying or not, are insects.

^b The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts—which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs—and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies—which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only flying insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs.

^d Leviticus doesn't explicitly prohibit the eating of flying insects, but Dt. 14:19 does: All flying animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. (Non-flying invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates are prohibited in Lv. 11:29.) Lv. 11:20-22 defines an exception for four types of locust to the general prohibition in Deuteronomy: within the prohibition against all flying invertebrates, there is a subset of flying, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. ἐρπετόν. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Flying" (and even more broadly "winged") narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. The only winged invertebrates, flying or not, are insects.

^b The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts—which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs—and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies—which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only flying insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs.

^d Leviticus doesn't explicitly prohibit the eating of flying insects, but Dt. 14:19 does: All winged [flying] animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. (Non-flying invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates are prohibited in Lv. 11:29.) Lv. 11:20-22 defines an exception for four types of locust to the general prohibition in Deuteronomy: within the prohibition against all flying invertebrates, there is a subset of flying, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. ἐρπετόν. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Flying" (and more broadly "winged") narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^b The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts—which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs—and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies—which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only flying insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs.

^d Leviticus doesn't explicitly prohibit the eating of flying insects, but Dt. 14:19 does: All winged [flying] animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. (Non-flying invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates are prohibited in Lv. 11:29.) Lv. 11:20-22 defines an exception for four types of locust to the general prohibition in Deuteronomy: within the prohibition against all flying invertebrates, there is a subset of flying, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. ἐρπετόν. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" (and more narrowly "flying") narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^b The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts—which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs—and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies—which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only flying insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs.

^d Leviticus doesn't explicitly prohibit the eating of flying insects, but Dt. 14:19 does: All winged [flying] animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. (Non-flying invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates are prohibited in Lv. 11:29.) Lv. 11:20-22 defines an exception for four types of locust to the general prohibition in Deuteronomy: within the prohibition against all flying invertebrates, there is a subset of flying, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. ἐρπετόν. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" (and more narrowly "flying") narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^b The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts—which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs—and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies—which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only flying insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs.

^d Leviticus doesn't explicitly prohibit the eating of flying insects, but Dt. 14:19 does: All winged [flying] animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. (Non-flying invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates are prohibited in Lv. 11:29.) Lv. 11:20-22 defines an exception for four types of locust to the prohibition in Deuteronomy: within the general prohibition against all flying invertebrates, there is a subset of flying, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. ἐρπετόν. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" (and more narrowly "flying") narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^b The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts—which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs—and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies—which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs.

^d Leviticus doesn't explicitly prohibit the eating of winged insects, but Dt. 14:19 does: All winged animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. (Non-winged invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates are prohibited in Lv. 11:29.) This section (11:20-22) defines an exception to the prohibition in Deuteronomy for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all winged invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. ἐρπετόν. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^b The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts—which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs—and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies—which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs.

^d Leviticus doesn't explicitly prohibit the eating of winged insects, but Dt. 14:19 does: All winged animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. (Non-winged invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates are prohibited in Lv. 11:29.) This section (11:20-22) defines an exception to the prohibition in Deuteronomy for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all winged invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts—which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs—and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies—which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs.

^e Leviticus doesn't explicitly prohibit the eating of winged insects, but Dt. 14:19 does: All winged animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. (Non-winged invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates are prohibited in Lv. 11:29.) This section (11:20-22) defines an exception to the prohibition in Deuteronomy for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all winged invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts—which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs—and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies—which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs.

^e Leviticus doesn't explicitly prohibit the eating of winged insects, but Dt. 14:19 does: All winged animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. (Non-winged invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates are prohibited in Lv. 11:29.) This section defines an exception to the prohibition in Deuteronomy for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all winged invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts—which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs—and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies—which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs.

^e Leviticus doesn't explicitly prohibit the eating of winged insects, but Dt. 14:19 does: All winged animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. (Non-winged invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates are prohibited in Lv. 11:29.) This section defines an exception to the prohibition in Deuteronomy for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all winged invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts—which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs—and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies—which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs.

^e Leviticus doesn't explicitly prohibit the eating of winged insects, but Dt. 14:19 does: All winged animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. This section defines an exception to the prohibition in Deuteronomy for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all winged invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts, which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs.

^e Leviticus doesn't explicitly prohibit the eating of winged insects, but Dt. 14:19 does: All winged animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. This section defines an exception to the prohibition in Deuteronomy for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all winged invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. (There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand along, separate from 11:21 and 11:22.) Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts, which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs. Another key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet

^d Leviticus doesn't explicitly prohibit the eating of winged insects, but Dt. 14:19 does: All winged animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section defines an exception to the prohibition in Deuteronomy for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all winged invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. (There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand along, separate from 11:21 and 11:22.) Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts, which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs. Another key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet

^d Leviticus doesn't explicitly prohibit the eating of winged insects, but Dt. 14:19 does: All winged animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section defines an exception to the prohibition in Deuteronomy for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all winged invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts, which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Leviticus doesn't explicitly prohibit the eating of winged insects, but Dt. 14:19 does: All winged animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section defines an exception to the prohibition in Deuteronomy for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all winged invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts, which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Leviticus doesn't explicitly prohibit the eating of winged insects, but Dt. 14:19 does: All winged animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all winged invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts, which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Leviticus doesn't explicitly prohibit the eating of winged insects, but Dt. 14:19 does: All winged animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts, which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Dt. 14:19 provides the general prohibition against eating winged insects: All winged animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts, which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Dt. 14:19 provides the general prohibition against eating winged insects: All winged animals that creep are unclean to you; ye shall not eat of them [Brenton]. Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Winged insects that walk on four feet include locusts, which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately along with birds in 11:19]. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. aE)RPETO/Nἐρπετόν down to insects. Ἐρπετόν includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. The only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which jump with their hind legs and walk on their mid- and forelegs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which walk on their mid- and forelegs and jump with their hind legs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which walk on their mid- and forelegs and jump with their hind legs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining a single exception for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies], which is still prohibited as a whole; but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which walk on their mid- and forelegs and jump with their hind legs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining a single exception for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; this subset is still prohibited as a whole, but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping [which excl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which walk on their mid- and forelegs and jump with their hind legs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and by omission no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining a single exception for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; this subset is still prohibited as a whole, but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping; within this subset are the four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which walk on their mid- and forelegs and jump with their hind legs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining a single exception for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all invertebrates, there is a subset of winged, six-legged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; this subset is still prohibited as a whole, but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping; within this subset are the four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which walk on their mid- and forelegs and jump with their hind legs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining a single exception for four types of locusts: within the general prohibition against all invertebrates, there is a subset of winged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; this subset is still prohibited as a whole, but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping; within this subset are the four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which walk on their mid- and forelegs and jump with their hind legs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and no others; all invertebrates are generally prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining a single exception for four types of locusts: within the prohibition against all invertebrates, there is a subset of winged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; this subset is still prohibited as a whole, but within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping; within this subset are the four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which walk on their mid- and forelegs and jump with their hind legs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the prohibition against all invertebrates, there is a subset of winged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; still prohibited as a whole, within this subset is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping; and finally, within this subset are the four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which walk on their mid- and forelegs and jump with their hind legs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the prohibition against all invertebrates, there is a subset of winged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; still prohibited as a whole, within this subset of winged insects that walk on four feet is another subset that have an additional pair of legs for leaping; and finally, within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which walk on their mid- and forelegs and jump with their hind legs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the prohibition against all invertebrates, there is a subset of winged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; while still prohibited as a whole, within this subset is another subset of winged insects that walk on four feet and have another pair of legs for leaping; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which walk on their mid- and forelegs and jump with their hind legs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This verse should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and no others; all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the prohibition against all insects and other invertebrates, there is a subset of winged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; while still prohibited as a whole, within this subset is another subset of winged insects that walk on four feet and have another pair of legs for leaping; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which walk on their mid- and forelegs and jump with their hind legs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This section should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and no others, as all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the prohibition against all insects and other invertebrates, there is a subset of winged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; while still prohibited as a whole, within this subset is another subset of winged insects that walk on four feet and have another pair of legs for leaping; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which walk on their mid- and forelegs and jump with their hind legs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. This section should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and no others: all invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the prohibition against all insects and other invertebrates, there is a subset of winged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; while still prohibited as a whole, within this subset is another subset of winged insects that walk on four feet and have another pair of legs for leaping; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which walk on their mid- and forelegs and jump with their hind legs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. All invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section should not be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and no others. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the prohibition against all insects and other invertebrates, there is a subset of winged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; while still prohibited as a whole, within this subset is another subset of winged insects that walk on four feet and have another pair of legs for leaping; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which walk on their mid- and forelegs and jump with their hind legs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22. All invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. This section should no be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and no others. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the prohibition against all insects and other invertebrates, there is a subset of winged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; while still prohibited as a whole, within this subset is another subset of winged insects that walk on four feet and have another pair of legs for leaping; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which walk on their mid- and forelegs and jump with their hind legs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22, whereby this section would be read as expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and no others. All invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. Instead, this section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the prohibition against all insects and other invertebrates, there is a subset of winged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; while still prohibited as a whole, within this subset is another subset of winged insects that walk on four feet and have another pair of legs for leaping; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which walk on their mid- and forelegs and jump with their hind legs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22, whereby this section would be expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and no others. All invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. Instead, this section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the prohibition against all insects and other invertebrates, there is a subset of winged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; while still prohibited as a whole, within this subset is another subset of winged insects that walk on four feet and have another pair of legs for leaping; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which walk on their mid- and forelegs and jump with their hind legs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" with having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22, such that this section is expressly prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet, and no others. All invertebrates are prohibited, regardless of wings and legs. Instead, this section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the prohibition against all insects and other invertebrates, there is a subset of winged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; while still prohibited as a whole, within this subset is another subset of winged insects that walk on four feet and have another pair of legs for leaping; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are additionally identifed with an another two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which walk on their mid- and forelegs and jump with their hind legs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" as having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22.This section should not be read as prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet. All insects and invertebrates are prohibited, regardleess of wings and legs. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the prohibition against all insects and other invertebrates, there is a subset of winged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; while still prohibited as a whole, within this subset is another subset of winged insects that walk on four feet and have another pair of legs for leaping; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The insects being identified here as walking on four feet are identifed with an additional two legs for leaping in the next verse, i.e., six legs total. Included in winged insects that walk on four feet are locusts, which walk on their mid- and forelegs and jump with their hind legs, and mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies, which conversely walk on their mid- and hind legs, not their forelegs.

^d Key to not misconstruing "walking on four feet" as having only four feet, is that this verse does not stand alone, separate from 11:21 and 11:22.This section should not be read as prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet. All insects and invertebrates are prohibited, regardleess of wings and legs. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the prohibition against all insects and other invertebrates, there is a subset of winged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies]; while still prohibited as a whole, within this subset is another subset of winged insects that walk on four feet and have another pair of legs for leaping; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being grouped separately, along with birds, in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs.

^d This section should not be read as prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet—regardless of wings and legs, all insects and invertebrates are prohibited. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the prohibition against all insects and other invertebrates, there is a subset of winged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nynphalaidae butterflies]; while still prohibited as a whole, within this subset is another subset of winged insects that walk on four feet and have another pair of legs for leaping; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted. There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The designation walk on four feet is not to make invertebrates with more than four feet kosher by omission; rather, regardless of legs, no invertebrates are kosher except four types of locusts. Locusts are differentiated from other winged insects has having four feet on which they walk—their mid- and forelegs&mash;and separately two legs with which they jump—their hind legs. (Note: Mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies are simiarly six-legged, winged insects that walk that walk on four feet—but on their mid- and hind legs, rather than on their mid- and forelegs.)

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [but not bats, by virtue of being separately grouped with birds in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs.

^d This section should not be read as prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet—regardless of wings and legs, all insects and invertebrates are prohibited. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the prohibition against all insects and other invertebrates, there is a subset of winged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nynphalaidae butterflies]; while still prohibited as a whole, within this subset is another subset of winged insects that walk on four feet and have another pair of legs for leaping; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted. There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The designation walk on four feet is not to make invertebrates with more than four feet kosher by omission; rather, regardless of legs, no invertebrates are kosher except four types of locusts. Locusts are differentiated from other winged insects has having four feet on which they walk—their mid- and forelegs&mash;and separately two legs with which they jump—their hind legs. (Note: Mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies are simiarly six-legged, winged insects that walk that walk on four feet—but on their mid- and hind legs, rather than on their mid- and forelegs.)

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates [although not bats, by virtue of bats being separately grouped with birds in 11:19]. "Winged" narrows ἐρπετόν down to insects, as the only winged invertebrates are insects.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs.

^d This section should not be read as prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet—regardless of wings and legs, all insects and invertebrates are prohibited. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the prohibition against all insects and other invertebrates, there is a subset of winged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nynphalaidae butterflies]; while still prohibited as a whole, within this subset is another subset of winged insects that walk on four feet and have another pair of legs for leaping; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted. There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The designation walk on four feet is not to make invertebrates with more than four feet kosher by omission; rather, regardless of legs, no invertebrates are kosher except four types of locusts. Locusts are differentiated from other winged insects has having four feet on which they walk—their mid- and forelegs&mash;and separately two legs with which they jump—their hind legs. (Note: Mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies are simiarly six-legged, winged insects that walk that walk on four feet—but on their mid- and hind legs, rather than on their mid- and forelegs.)

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates.

^c This section should not be read as prohibiting only winged insects that walk on four feet—regardless of wings and legs, all insects and invertebrates are prohibited. This section is defining an exception for four types of locusts: within the prohibition against all insects and other invertebrates, there is a subset of winged insects that walk on four feet [which incl. mantises and Nynphalaidae butterflies]; while still prohibited as a whole, within this subset is another subset of winged insects that walk on four feet and have another pair of legs for leaping; within this subset are four types of locusts that are permitted. There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The designation walk on four feet is not to make invertebrates with more than four feet kosher by omission; rather, regardless of legs, no invertebrates are kosher except four types of locusts. Locusts are differentiated from other winged insects has having four feet on which they walk—their mid- and forelegs&mash;and separately two legs with which they jump—their hind legs. (Note: Mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies are simiarly six-legged, winged insects that walk that walk on four feet—but on their mid- and hind legs, rather than on their mid- and forelegs.)

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν; includes invertebrates (both winged and non-winged) and small, "crawling" vertebrates.

^c There are no four-footed invertebrates; and the only winged invertebrates are insects, which have six legs. The designation walk on four feet is not to make invertebrates with more than four feet kosher by omission; rather, regardless of legs, no invertebrates are kosher except four types of locusts. Locusts are differentiated from other winged insects has having four feet on which they walk—their mid- and forelegs&mash;and separately two legs with which they jump—their hind legs. (Note: Mantises and Nymphalidae butterflies are simiarly six-legged, winged insects that walk that walk on four feet—but on their mid- and hind legs, rather than on their mid- and forelegs.)

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν.

^a Gk. πετεινόν, winged. (Swarming?)

^b Gk. ἐρπετόν.

^a Gk. ἐρπετόν.