^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered, choked, drowned, or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: πνικτός, smothered [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother [verb], indicates a specific application rather than the general action.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered, chocked, drowned, or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: πνικτός, smothered [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother [verb], indicates a specific application rather than the general action.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or drowned (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: πνικτός, smothered, choked, drowned, or suffocated [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother, choke, drown, or suffocate [verb], indicates a specific application rather than the general action.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or drowned (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: πνικτός, smothered, choked, drowned, or suffocated [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother, choke, drown, or suffocate [verb], indicates a specific application of smothering, choking, drowning, or suffocating rather than the general action of any and all smothering, choking, drowning, and suffocating.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or drowned (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: πνικτός, smothered/choked/drowned/suffocated [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother/choke/drown/sufocate [verb], indicates a specific application of smothering/choking/drowning/suffocating rather than the general action of any and all smothering/choking/drowning/suffocating.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or drowned (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: πνικτός, smothered/drowned [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother or drown [verb], indicates a specific application of smothering or drowning rather than generally the non-specific action of all smothering and drowning.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or drowned (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: πνικτός, smothered/drowned [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother or drown [verb], indicates a specific application of smothering or drowning rather than the non-specific action of all smothering and drowning generally.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or drowned (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: πνικτός, smothered/drowned [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother or drown [verb], indicates a specific application of smothering or drowning rather than the non-specific action of all smothering and drowning.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or drowned (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. (Note: πνικτός, smothered/drowned [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother or drown [verb], indicates a specific application of smothering or drowning rather than the non-specific action of all smothering and drowning.)

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or drowned (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: πνικτός, smothered/drowned [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother or drown [verb], indicates a specific application of smothering or drowning rather than the non-specific action of all smothering and drowning.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or drowned (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: πνικτός, smothered/drowned [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother or drown [verb], references a specific application of smothering or drowning rather than the non-specific action of all smothering and drowning.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or drowned (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: πνικτός, smothered/drowned [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother or drown [verb], references a specific application of smothering rather than the non-specific action of all smothering and drowning.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or drowned (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: πνικτός, smothered/drowned [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother or drown [verb], references a specific application of smothering rather than to the non-specific action of all smothering and drowning.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or drowned (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: πνικτός, smothered/drowned [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother or drown [verb], indicates reference to a specific application of smothering rather than to the non-specific action of all smothering and drowning.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or drowned (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: πνικτός, smothered/drowned [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother or drown [verb], indicates reference to a specific application of smothering rather than to the non-specific action of all smothering or drowning.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or drowned (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: πνικτός, smothered/drowned [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother or drown [verb], indicates reference to a specific application of smothering rather than to the action of smothering or drowning broadly and non-specifically.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or drowned (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: πνικτός, smothered/drowned [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother or drown [verb], indicates reference to a specific application of smothering rather than to smothering or drowning itself broadly and non-specifically.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or drowned (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: πνικτός, smothered/drowned [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother or drown [verb], indicates reference to a specific application of smothering rather than to smothering or drowning itself, broadly and non-specifically.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or drowned (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: πνικτός, smothered/drowned [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother or drown [verb], indicates reference to a specific application of smothering rather than broadly to smothering anything or drowning non-specifically.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: πνικτός, smothered/choked/drowned [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother, choke, or drown [verb], indicates reference to a specific application of smothering rather than broadly to smothering anything or drowning non-specifically.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: πνικτός, smothered/choked/drowned [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother, choke, or drown [verb], indicates reference to a specific application of smothering rather than broadly to smothering or drowning anything non-specifically.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. Note: The use of πνικτός, smothered [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother [verb], indicates not a general prohibition against smothering non-specifically, but against a specific application of smothering.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. On use of πνικτός, smothered [adjective], vs. πνίγω, to smother [verb], indicates not a general prohibition against smothering non-specifically, but against a specific application of smothering.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. On use of the adjective vπνικτός, smothered, vs. the verb πνίγω, to smother, note this is not a general prohibition against smothering non-specifically, but against a specific application of smothering.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. On vπνικτός, smothered thing [subst. adj], vs. πνίγω, to smother [verb], note this is not a general prohibition against smothering non-specifically, but against a specific application of smothering.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)]. On vπνικτός, smothered thing [subst. adj], vs. πνίγω, to smother [verb], note this is not general prohibition against all smothering non-specifically, but against a specific application of smothering.

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, the phrase τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore the prohibition specifically about food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and therefore specifically meaning food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων [the pollutions of idols] should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων and teherefore meaning food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idolatry itself is a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which specifically means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων, and meaning food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or the pollutions of idols is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idols themselves are a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων, and meaning food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or "the pollutions of idols" is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). (See B-Greek: Acts 15:20 The extent of ἀπὸ / ἀλισγημάτων.) If the former, then idols themselves are a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων, and meaning food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or "the pollutions of idols" is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). If the former, then idols themselves are a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων should be understood as being directly equivalent to εἰδωλοθύτων, and meaning food sacrificed or offered to idols.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or "the pollutions of idols" is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). If the former, then idols themselves are a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which means something sacrificed or offered (-θυτος) to idols (εἰδωλο-) and is always used in the context of something that is eaten. Therefore, τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων should be understood as having the same meaning as εἰδωλοθύτων.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Note Gk. εἴδωλον here, and εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are just one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or "the pollutions of idols" is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). If the former, then idols themselves are a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which is always used in the context of something sacrificed or offered to idols that is eaten. Therefore, τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων should be understood as having the same meaning as εἰδωλοθύτων.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. εἴδωλον, vs. εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether idols are just one of four pollutions (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων), or "the pollutions of idols" is its own thing (i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων). If the former, then idols themselves are a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which is always used in the context of something sacrificed or offered to idols that is eaten. Therefore, τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων should be understood as having the same meaning as εἰδωλοθύτων.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. εἴδωλον, vs. εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether it should be read as prohibiting four pollutions, i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων, or as the pollutions of idols being its own prohibition, i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων. If the former, then idols themselves are a pollution. But Acts 15:29 and 21:25 say εἰδωλόθυτος, which is always used in the context of something sacrificed or offered to idols that is eaten. Therefore, τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων should be understood as having the same meaning as εἰδωλοθύτων.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. εἴδωλον, vs. εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. Syntactically, this verse is ambiguous as to whether it should be read as prohibiting four pollutions, i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων, or as the pollutions of idols being its own prohibition, i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. εἴδωλον, vs. εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. This verse can be read as listing four pollutions, i.e., τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων, or τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. εἴδωλον, vs. εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. This verse can be read as τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and τοῦ αἵματος all being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων, i.e., four pollutions, or τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων<.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. εἴδωλον, vs. εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25. This verse can be read as τῶν εἰδώλων, τῆς πορνείας, τοῦ πνικτοῦ, and aTOU= AI(/MATOSτῶν ἀλισγημάτων, i.e., four pollutions, or τῶν εἰδώλων alone being dependent on τῶν ἀλισγημάτων<.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. εἴδωλον, vs. εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. εἰδωλον, vs. εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. εἰδωλον, vs. εἰδωλόθυτος in Acts 15:29 and 21:25.

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Acts 17:24-29: The God who made the world and everything in it, being Lord of heaven and earth, does not live in temples made by man, (25) nor is he served by human hands, as though he needed anything, since he himself gives to all mankind life and breath and everything.... (29) Being then God's offspring, we ought not to think that the divine being is like gold or silver or stone, an image formed by the art and imagination of man (ESV).

^c Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^d Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^c Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache (The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles) also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^c Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^c Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache [The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles] also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^c Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache of the Apostles also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^c Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλίσγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache of the Apostles also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς, [you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide (Holmes)].

^c Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache of the Apostles also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς, you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide [Holmes].

^c Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The accepted method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but in actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache of the Apostles also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς, you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide [Holmes].

^c Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent and accepted in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The overt method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but actual practice included smothering and drowning as described by Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache of the Apostles also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς, you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide [Holmes].

^c Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-6: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent and accepted in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The overt method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) also describes smothering and drowning in actual practice in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache of the Apostles also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς, you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide [Holmes].

^c Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4). Gen. 9:1-5: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (ESV).

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent and accepted in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The overt method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) also describes smothering and drowning in actual practice in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache of the Apostles also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς, you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide [Holmes].

^c Gen. 9:1-5: And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. (2) The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. (3) Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. (4) But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood. (5) And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. (ESV). Encyclopedia Judaica: In the Bible there is an absolute prohibition on the consumption of blood.... It is the only prohibition (coupled with murder) enjoined not on Israel alone but on all men (Gen. 9:4).

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent and accepted in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The overt method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) also describes smothering and drowning in actual practice in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache of the Apostles also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς, you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide [Holmes].

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent and accepted in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, when Christian opposition prevailed. The overt method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) also describes smothering and drowning in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache of the Apostles also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς, you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide [Holmes].

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent and accepted in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century. The overt method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) also describes smothering and drowning in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache of the Apostles also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς, you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide [Holmes].

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century. The overt method was exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, but Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) also describes smothering and drowning in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache of the Apostles also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς, you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide [Holmes].

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). On smothering possibly being a direct reference to infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but prevalent in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century. Exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements was the overt method, but Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) also describes smothering and drowning in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache of the Apostles also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς, you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide [Holmes].

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). For the possible meaning infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but accepted practice in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, generally by exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, though Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) also describes smothering in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache of the Apostles also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς, you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide [Holmes].

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). For the possible meaning infanticide, see David Instone-Brewer, Infanticide and the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15. Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but accepted practice in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, generally by exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, though Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) also describes smothering in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache of the Apostles also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς, you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide [Holmes].

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). Infanticide was abhored by the Jews [Tacitus, The Histories: (5.5) ... It is a crime among them to kill any newly-born infant], but accepted practice in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, generally by exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, though Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) also describes smothering in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache of the Apostles also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς, you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide [Holmes].

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated (thing). Infanticide was accepted practice in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, generally by exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, though Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) also describes smothering in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache of the Apostles also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς, you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide [Holmes].

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated. Infanticide was accepted practice in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, generally by exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, though Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) also describes smothering in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache of the Apostles also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: (2.2) ... οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὐδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς, you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide [Holmes].

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated. Infanticide was accepted practice in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, generally by exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements, though Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) also describes smothering in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge]. The Didache also saw fit to include an express prohibition against it: 2.2 ...οὐ φονεύσεις τέκνον ἐν φθορᾷ οὑδὲ γεννηθὲν ἀποκτενεῖς, you shall not abort a child or commit infanticide [Holmes].

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated. Infanticide was accepted practice in Greek and Roman culture up until the fourth century, generally by exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements; Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) also describes smothering in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge].

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated. Infanticide, generally by exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements was accepted practice in Greek and Roman culture up until thefourth century; Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) also describes smothering in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge].

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated. Infanticide, generally by exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements was accepted practice in Greek and Roman culture up until thefourth century; Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) also describes smothering in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge].

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated. Infanticide, generally by exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements was accepted practice in Greek and Roman culture; Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) also describes smothering in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge] (www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book29.html).

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated. Infanticide by exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements was accepted in Greek and Roman culture; Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) also describes smothering in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge] (www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book29.html).

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated. While infanticide by exposure [ἔκθεσις or ἀπόθεσις] to the elements is written about in Greek and Roman culture, Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) also describes smothering in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... [Yonge] (www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book29.html).

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^b Gk. πνικτός, smothered or suffocated. Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE) writes in his Special Laws III: (114) And as for their murders and infanticides they are established by the most undeniable proofs, since some of them slay them with their own hands, and stifle the first breath of their children, and smother it altogether, out of a terribly cruel and unfeeling disposition; others throw them into the depths of a river, or of a sea, after they have attached a weight to them, in order that they may sink to the bottom more speedily because of it. (115) Others, again, carry them out into a desert place to expose them there... (www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book29.html).

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8 LXX: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with the king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].

^a Gk. ἀλισγημα. Cf. Dn. 1:8: And Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile [ἀλισγέω] himself with te king's table, nor with the wine of his drink... [Brenton].